Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure refers to the gradual loss of the ability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine and preserve electrolytes. Unlike acute renal failure, which is sudden and reversible, chronic renal failure is progressive. Chronic renal disease can range in severity from mild to severe (end stage). Progression is usually gradual and occurs over a number of years. Chronic renal failure most often results from any disease that causes gradual destruction of the kidneys. Among the causative diseases are hypertension, kidney stones and diabetes mellitus. Chronic renal failure occurs in approximately 2 out of 10,000 people. As the disease progresses, fluid and waste products accumulate. This process causes azotemia (the build-up of nitrogen waste products in the blood) and uremia (the state of health resulting from renal failure). Complications can include, but are not limited to: dementia, peripheral neuropathy, joint disorders, congestive heart failure, seizures, hemorrhage, and weakening of bones. Prevention includes no smoking, limited alcohol intake, limited sodium intake, weight control, exercise, and strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure.
